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拜登执政期间，美国政府对北极战略进行了重要调整。其核心包括聚焦北极的安全价值，激化与中俄的大国竞争，整合北极事务管理机制，提升气候议题的优先级并将之与北极地缘政治高度融合。拜登政府调整北极战略受多重因素驱动，包括重塑北极治理秩序以谋求地区主导地位，应对北极地缘政治局势的剧变，在北极落实气候政策以及服务美国国家战略。这一调整将对北极局势产生深远影响，表现在北极地区的地缘冲突隐患将长期存在，美国的北极战略与印太战略将进一步勾连，传统北极治理体系走向分裂，以及催动新型北极治理格局的形成。然而，美国北极战略的落实面临一系列结构性困境，如美国国内政治环境的制约、美国与北极盟友之间的争端、北极基础设施不足与资源供给滞后、阿拉斯加州政府与联邦政府之间的结构性矛盾等。鉴于美国北极战略对华竞争愈发激烈，中国要善于把握美国北极战略的演变规律，找准中美北极合作切入口，管控分歧，推动中美北极关系的良性互动。
Abstract：During the Biden administration, significant shifts in the geopolitical landscape of the Arctic prompted the U.S. government to make substantial adjustments to its Arctic strategy. These adjustments focused on several key areas: emphasizing the security value of the Arctic, intensifying great power competition with China and Russia, integrating the management mechanisms for Arctic affairs, and elevating the priority of climate issues while closely intertwining them with Arctic geopolitics. The Biden administration′s adjustment of its Arctic strategy was driven by multiple factors, including the desire to reshape the Arctic governance order to assert regional dominance, respond to the rapidly changing geopolitical landscape in the Arctic, implement climate policies in the region, and serve American national strategy. This strategic shift is expected to have far-reaching implications, including the persistence of geopolitical tensions in the Arctic, the further alignment of U.S. Arctic strategy with its Indo-Pacific strategy, the fragmentation of the traditional Arctic governance system, and the emergence of a new governance framework for the region. However, the implementation of the U.S. Arctic strategy faces a series of structural challenges. These include constraints posed by the domestic political environment, insufficient Arctic infrastructure, delayed resource allocation, and structural conflicts between the Alaskan state government and the federal government. Given the increasing intensity of U.S.-China competition in the Arctic, China should carefully observe the evolution of the U.S. Arctic strategy, identify opportunities for U.S.-China cooperation in the Arctic, mend differences, and promote constructive engagement in Arctic relations between the two countries.
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(1)《24战略》的三大行动方向分别是:增强联合部队在北极的能力;与我们的盟友和伙伴、联邦、州和地方当局、阿拉斯加州原住民部落和社区以及工业界进行合作;在北极进行存在性演练。
(2)2022年3月,除俄罗斯外的其他北极国家发布了一份联合声明,宣布不再派代表前往俄罗斯参与北极理事会会议,并中止参加理事会及附属机构的所有会议。
(3)“极地东方主义”的提出揭示了:东亚国家迅速增加对北极地区兴趣以及参与行为引起了西方国家的不安,其中西方国家尤其关注和警惕中国,担忧中国参与北极治理的动机。
基本信息:
DOI：10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202406006
中图分类号:D871.2;P467
引用信息:
[1]高飞.拜登政府时期美国北极战略的调整：动因、影响及结构性困境[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2024,No.203(06):46-58.DOI:10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202406006.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金重大研究专项“国际大变局下中国参与北极治理研究”(20VHQ011)