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《马德里议定书》第7条和第25条是当前南极条约体系内直接规制矿产资源活动最重要的国际法渊源，其要义不仅限于“禁止南极采矿”的基础内涵，且包括对“科学研究”排除适用及修改该暂行禁令受限于严格条件的理解。南极矿产资源国际治理随着全面保护南极环境制度的确立与之渐成“一体两面”议题，但其与南极科研事项、南极特别区域制度必然发生的现实互动会造成禁令在条约体系内的适用难题。当前法律规定及适用难题共同决定，2048年后南极矿产资源活动的治理仍需以维持现有南极条约体系的稳定为基本方向。作为南极条约体系的坚定维护者，中国应积极践行人类命运共同体理念，为南极矿产资源管制的制度完善及南极环境保护做出大国贡献。
Abstract：Article 7 and Article 25 of the Madrid Protocol are regarded as the most important sources of international law for the direct regulation of Antarctic mineral resource activities currently, whose essence is not only limited to the basic connotation of the ban on Antarctic mining, but also includes how to comprehend the moratorium with the exclusion of “scientific research” and the stringent conditions concerning its modification. Instead of reaching a deadlock, the international governance of Antarctic mineral resources has gradually developed with the establishment of comprehensive regime for the protection of the Antarctic environment, while it is also likely to result in the applicable problem of the moratorium within the Antarctic treaty system due to the inevitable interactions among the regulation of mineral resource activities, the scientific research, and the rules of Antarctic special areas. Nevertheless, maintaining the current framework of the Antarctic treaty system should still be the mainstream in the foreseeable future. As a constant proponent of the Antarctic treaty system, China should actively join in the practice of building a community with a shared future for mankind and contribute to the perfection of the regulation of Antarctic mineral resource activities.
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(1)2021年COP 26就《巴黎协定》实施细则达成共识,197个国家签署了《格拉斯哥气候公约》以确保1.5摄氏度目标仍然可控。信息来源于COP 26 Outcomes[EB].UN Climate Change conference UK 2021,https://ukcop26.org/the-conference/cop26-outcomes/,2022-04-16.
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(3)在1977年第9届ATCM上通过的建议IX-1最初使用的表述是“pending”,其整体语义为在最终一致通过一项关于南极矿产资源活动管制的法律制度之前,不允许为执行勘探(explore)、开采(exploit)南极矿产资源的活动发生;在1988年第4届SATCM、1989年第15届ATCM有关文件中,各国代表主要用moratorium表示《管制公约》生效前禁止南极矿产资源活动的情况。原始信息来源:Antarctic Mineral Resources,Recommendation IX-1 (1977)-ATCM IX,London,19 September-7 October 1977,para.8;Statements by Delegations on the Adoption of the Convention,Annex A to the Final Report of the Fourth Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting on Antarctic Mineral Resources,Wellington,2 June 1988,p.8-9,19;Final Report of the Fifteenth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting,Paris,9-20 October 1989,para.66.
基本信息:
DOI：10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202205006
中图分类号:D993.5;P941.61
引用信息:
[1]李雪平,迟一诺.2048年后南极矿产资源活动的管制措施研究[J],2022,No.189(05):57-66.DOI:10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202205006.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金重点项目“推动构建新型国际关系和人类命运共同体的国际法规范体系建设研究”(21AZD092)