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国际海底电缆是关键的通信基础设施，世界各国对海底电缆的依赖性逐年增强，但是目前国际海底电缆面临着海域竞争性使用、数据窃取、人为蓄意损坏等行为带来的挑战与威胁。《联合国海洋法公约》赋予了各国在沿海国专属经济区、大陆架以及公海海域铺设海底电缆的权利。沿海国对其海域内的海底电缆有一定程度的管辖权，电缆受损国也可在符合国际法的前提下行使域外管辖权保护本国海底电缆。在现有国际海洋法下，国家应尽适当顾及义务和勤勉尽责义务保护国际海底电缆。各国行使国际法赋予的权利时，应适当顾及其他国家铺设海底电缆的权利，反之亦然。勤勉尽责义务要求国家应当采取必要措施，以确保其管辖或控制下的个人行为不严重损害他国海底电缆。若国家未尽适当顾及义务或勤勉尽责义务损害国际海底电缆应承担国家责任。
Abstract：Submarine cables are the most critical communication infrastructure for countries around the world. Every country in the world is increasingly dependent on submarine cables. But submarine cables face challenges and threats from competing uses of the sea, data theft and deliberate damage. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) regulates that states have the right to lay submarine cables in the exclusive economic zone of coastal states, the continental shelf, the high seas and the international seabed area. Coastal states have certain degrees of jurisdiction over international submarine cables laid in sea areas under their jurisdiction. And the injured states may exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect their submarine cables subject to international law. Under the existing international law of the sea, states should fulfill the obligations of due regard and due diligence to protect international submarine cables. In exercising their rights under the international law, states shall have due regard to the rights of laying submarine cables of other states, and vice versa. The obligation of due diligence requires that the state should take necessary measures to ensure that the acts of individuals under its jurisdiction or control do not cause serious damage to the submarine cables of other states. State responsibility will arise if the state fails to exercise due regard or due diligence and causes damage to international submarine cables.
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(1)SEA-ME-WE 5(South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 5),由中国、孟加拉国、沙特等国所有,于2016年11月完工,线路自新加坡至法国,电缆长约20,000千米,共有19个登陆点,连通新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国、缅甸、孟加拉国、印度、斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国、阿曼、卡塔尔、吉布提、也门、沙特阿拉伯、埃及、意大利、土耳其和法国。
(2)Simon Sharwood,Submarine cable damage brings internet pain to Asia,Africa,https://www.theregister.com/2022/11/30/seamewe5_cut_outage_apac_africa/,visited on 25 March 2023.
(3)Asia-Africa-Europe 1 ( AAE-1 ) 是一条 25,000 千米长的海底电缆,从东南亚穿越埃及到欧洲,连接中国、越南、柬埔寨、马来西亚、新加坡、泰国、印度、巴基斯坦、阿曼、阿联酋、卡塔尔、也门、吉布提、沙特阿拉伯、埃及、希腊、意大利和法国。
(4)Sebastian Moss,AAE-1 cable cut causes widespread outages in Europe,East Africa,Middle East,and South Asia,https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/aae-1-cable-cut-causes-widespread-outages-in-europe-east-africa-middle-east-and-south-asia/,visited on 26 March 2023.
(5)《公海公约》第26条第1款赋予了所有国家在公海海床上铺设海底电缆和管道的权利。
(6)《联合国海洋法公约》直接涉及海底电缆的条款为:第21、51、58、79、87、112、113、114、115、297条,共10条。
(7)《联合国海洋法公约》第21条规定沿海国可依公约或其他国际法规则,制定关于保护电缆的无害通过领海的法律和规章。
(8)《联合国海洋法公约》中与国际海底电缆相关的“适合顾及”义务条款具体为:第56条第2款、第58条第3款、第60条第3款、第79条第5款、第87条第2款,第147条第1款、第147条第3款。
基本信息:
DOI：10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202306004
中图分类号:D993.5
引用信息:
[1]王金鹏,姜璐璐.论国家保护国际海底电缆的义务与责任[J],2023,No.197(06):33-45.DOI:10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202306004.
基金信息:
2022年度青岛市社会科学规划研究项目“国际法视角下海底电缆保护与损害赔偿制度研究”(QDSKL2201030)的资助