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从1985年利比亚/马耳他案开始,海洋划界中公平原则的发展趋势开始由灵活性向确定性转变。从两个方面分析这一转变:内容方面,最初的公平原则仅仅强调个案的特殊性而缺乏具体的内容,但是,通过对大陆架和专属经济区法律制度相关性的考察,以及司法判例的反复援引和适用,公平原则已经形成了普遍适用的内容,例如不侵占原则和比例因素;功能方面,公平原则最初发挥的是法律的填补功能,但是,随着等距离方法成为海洋划界的第一步,公平原则的功能也由此变成了矫正临时等距离线可能产生的不公平。
Abstract：Since the 1985 Libya/Malta case, the developing trend of equity in maritime boundary delimitation has shifted from flexibility to certainty. This change is analyzed from two perspectives. In terms of content, the original equity relied on the unicum character of each case and lacked any specific content. However, through the investigation of legal system of continental shelf and EEZ as well as the constant application of jurisprudence, specific content of equity has been shaped today, such as the principle of non-encroachment and the factor of proportionality. In terms of function, equity initially played the role of filling in the lacuna of law. However, with the equidistance method becoming the first step, the role of equity has been turned into correcting the inequitable results produced by the provisional equidistance line.
[1] Thomas Cottier.Equitable principles of maritime boundary delimitation:the quest for distributive justice in international law [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2015.
[2] Yoshifumi Tanaka.Predictability and flexibility in the law of maritime delimitation [M].Oxford:Hart Publishing,2006.
[3] 全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准《联合国海洋法公约》的决定[EB].http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2000-12/16/content_5003571.htm,2000-12-16/2021-11-15.
[4] See Nuno Sergio Marques Antunes.Towards the Conceptualisation of Maritime Delimitation:Legal and Technical Aspects of a Political Process [M].Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2003.
[5] Prosper Weil.L'Equite dans la jurisprudence de la Cour Internationale de Justice [A].Vaughan Lowe and Malgosia Fitzmaurice.Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice [C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.144.
[6] See Prosper Weil.The Law of the Maritime Delimitation-Reflections [M].Maureen Macglashan,tr,Cambridge:Grotius Publication,1989.
[7] 高健军.国际海洋划界论——有关等距离特殊情况规则的研究 [M].北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
[8] Bryan A Garner.Black's Law Dictionary [M].Eagan:Thomson West,2004.
[9] See Phaedon John Kozyris.Lifting the Veils of Equity in Maritime Entitlement:Equidistance with Proportionality Around the Islands [J].Denver Journal of International Law and Policy,1998:351-358.
[10] Phaedon John Kozyris.Islands in the Recent Maritime Adjudications:Simplifying the Aegean Conundrum [J].Ocean Development and International Law,2008,(4):338.
[11] See Martti Koskenniemi.From Apology to Utopia [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[12] 江雨遥.论三步划界法的发展及法律地位——其对中日东海大陆架划界的一些启示 [J].中国海洋法学评论，2014,(2):152.
[13] Massimo Lando.Maritime delimitation as a judicial process [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2019.
(1)North Sea Continental Shelf,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.85.
(2)Case concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the French Republic,Decision of 30 June 1977,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XVIII,para.70.
(3)See Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1984,para.113.
(4)Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya Arab Jamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1982,para.70.
(5)Guinea /Guinea-Bissau Maritime Delimitation Case,Decision of 14 February 1985,(1986) 25 I.L.M.252,para.88.
(6)Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,dissenting opinion of Judge Gros,I.C.J.Reports 1984,para.48.
(7)Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.45.
(8)与此类似,安图内斯曾将公平原则分为个案正义(Justice In Casu)和规范的公平(normative equity)。Nuno Sergio Marques Antunes.Towards the Conceptualisation of Maritime Delimitation:Legal and Technical Aspects of a Political Process [M].Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2003:217.
(9)Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya Arab Jamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1982,para.72,para.132.
(10)Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.45.
(11)Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,paras.45-46.
(12)Guinea /Guinea-Bissau Maritime Delimitation Case,Decision of 14 February 1985,(1986) 25 I.L.M.252,para.120.
(13)Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them,Decision of 11 April 2006,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XXVII,para.243.
(14)Case concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the French Republic,Decision of 30 June 1977,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XVIII,para.245.
(15)Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya Arab Jamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1982,para.36.
(16)Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.48.
(17)Continental Shelf (Libya Arab Jamahiriya /Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.39.
(18)Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1993,para.58.
(19)Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them,Decision of 11 April 2006,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XXVII,para.243.
(20)Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and C?te d’Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean (Ghana/C?te d’Ivoire),Judgment,ITLOS Reports 2017,paras.409-410.
(21)Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.Nigeria:Equatorial Guinea intervening),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2002,para.304.
(22)“不侵占原则”又可以被表述为“不截断原则”,二者是从正反方面进行的表述,内涵相同。另外,本文表述的“比例因素”是指公平原则项下应考虑的一个因素,而非独立的划界原则或方法,有的学者也将其表述为“比例的概念”。
(23)See North Sea Continental Shelf,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.85.
(24)North Sea Continental Shelf,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.101(c).
(25)Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1984,para.157.
(26)Continental Shelf (Libya Arab Jamahiriya /Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.46.
(27)Continental Shelf (Libya Arab Jamahiriya /Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,para.34.
(28)Delimitation of the Maritime Areas between Canada and France,Award of 10 June 1992,(1992) 31 I.L.M.1170,para.66,paras.70-71.
(29)Delimitation of the Maritime Areas between Canada and France,Dissenting Opinion of Prosper Weil,(1992) 31 I.L.M.1202,para.16.
(30)Award of the Arbitral Tribunal in the second stage of the proceedings between Eritrea and Yemen (Maritime Delimitation),Decision of 17 December 1999,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XXII,para.157.
(31)Arbitration between Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia Concerning Portions of the Limits Their Offshore Areas,Award of 26 March 2002,International Law Reports,Vol.128,p.91,para.5.15.
(32)North Sea Continental Shelf,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.101.
(33)Case concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the French Republic,Decision of 30 June 1977,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XVIII,para.99-101.
(34)Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them,Decision of 11 April 2006,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XXVII,para.239.
(35)Case concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the French Republic,Decision of 30 June 1977,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XVIII,para.99,para.182,para.201,paras.244-249.
(36)Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain,Merits,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2001,paras.247-248.
(37)Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1984,para.222.
(38)Arbitration between Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia Concerning Portions of the Limits Their Offshore Areas,Award of 26 March 2002,International Law Reports,Vol.128,para.5.15.
(39)Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.Nigeria:Equatorial Guinea intervening),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2002,para.301.
(40)Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.Ukraine),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2009,para.122.
(41)See North Sea Continental Shelf cases,Separate opinion of Judge Fouad Ammoun,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.32.
(42)Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya Arab Jamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1982,para.71.
(43)Continental Shelf (Libya Arab Jamahiriya /Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,paras.63.
(44)Prosper Weil,The Law of the Maritime Delimitation—Reflections (Cambridge:Grotius Publication,1989),p.81.
(45)Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1993,para.53.
(46)In the matter of an Arbitration between Guyana and Suriname,Award of 17 September 2007,para.342
(47)Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.Ukraine),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2009,para.120.
(48)North Sea Continental Shelf,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1969,para.89.
(49)Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them,Decision of 11 April 2006,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XXVII,para.242.
(50)See Case concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,and the French Republic,Decision of 30 June 1977,R.I.A.A.,Vol.XVIII,para.245,para.249.
(51)In the matter of an Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,Award of 11 April 2006,para.373.
(52)Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1985,paras.45-46.
基本信息:
DOI：10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202201003
中图分类号:D993.5
引用信息:
[1]闫朱伟.由灵活性向确定性：公平原则在海洋划界领域的发展[J],2022,No.185(01):32-41.DOI:10.16497/j.cnki.1672-335X.202201003.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金“新时代海洋强国建设”重大研究专项“基于中国立场的海洋争端解决机制实证研究”(19VHQ008)